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Elevated nitrogen waste (urea, creatinine) in the blood — the biochemical sign that kidney filtration has fallen, whether from CKD, AKI, or dehydration.
Azotemia is the lab picture of retained nitrogen waste — elevated BUN and creatinine. It divides by cause: pre-renal (dehydration, heart failure, reduced blood flow), renal (intrinsic kidney injury or CKD), and post-renal (obstruction). The BUN:creatinine ratio helps separate pre-renal from intrinsic causes. Azotemia is not a diagnosis by itself — it's the signal that prompts the eGFR, urinalysis, and history that identify the cause. In CKD, azotemia is chronic and graded; in AKI it is acute and often reversible.
A nitrogen waste product from protein breakdown that the kidneys excrete; high blood urea (BUN) signals reduced filtration or high protein intake.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
A calculated value estimating the rate at which kidneys filter blood, used to diagnose and stage chronic kidney disease.
A sudden drop in kidney function over hours to days - reversible if caught early, but a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease.
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