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A sudden drop in kidney function over hours to days - reversible if caught early, but a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease.
AKI is defined by a rise in creatinine or fall in urine output (KDIGO staging). Causes group into pre-renal (dehydration, heart failure, sepsis - the most common and usually reversible), intrinsic renal (acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis), and post-renal (obstruction). Prevention matters: avoid NSAIDs and nephrotoxins, maintain volume, and adjust drug doses. AKI is now recognized as a strong risk factor for later CKD and cardiovascular events, so follow-up kidney monitoring is essential after recovery.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
A calculated value estimating the rate at which kidneys filter blood, used to diagnose and stage chronic kidney disease.
Any substance — commonly NSAIDs, contrast, aminoglycosides, and some herbal products — that can injure the kidneys, especially in CKD.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
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