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A nitrogen waste product from protein breakdown that the kidneys excrete; high blood urea (BUN) signals reduced filtration or high protein intake.
Urea is formed in the liver as the end product of protein metabolism and filtered by the glomerulus. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) rises when glomerular filtration falls (CKD, AKI, dehydration) or when protein intake is high, and falls with low protein intake and liver disease. BUN is almost always interpreted with creatinine: the BUN:creatinine ratio helps separate pre-renal (dehydration, heart failure), renal (kidney damage), and post-renal (obstruction) causes of AKI. Urea is also the solute removed by dialysis, so its clearance (URR, Kt/V) measures dialysis adequacy.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
A calculated value estimating the rate at which kidneys filter blood, used to diagnose and stage chronic kidney disease.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
The ratio of blood urea nitrogen to creatinine, used to tell whether an elevated creatinine is from dehydration, kidney damage, or obstruction.
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