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The basic urine test - chemical dipstick plus microscopic examination - that screens for protein, blood, glucose, infection, and casts.
Urinalysis combines a chemical dipstick (protein, blood, glucose, ketones, nitrite, leukocyte esterase) with microscopic examination for cells, casts, and crystals. In kidney care it is the first-line screen: persistent protein or blood triggers albuminuria (UACR) and kidney function workup, while casts (red cell casts in glomerulonephritis, muddy brown casts in ATN) point to specific diagnoses. A clean urine is reassuring; an abnormal one is the reason to measure eGFR and UACR and refer to nephrology when indicated.
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine, a key marker of kidney damage and the strongest predictor of CKD progression and cardiovascular risk.
Blood in the urine — visible (gross) or microscopic — with causes ranging from infection and stones to glomerulonephritis and malignancy.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
Albumin leaking into urine — the earliest and most important marker of kidney filter damage, measured by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).
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