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Blood in the urine — visible (gross) or microscopic — with causes ranging from infection and stones to glomerulonephritis and malignancy.
Hematuria is red cells in urine. Gross hematuria (visible) needs evaluation; microscopic hematuria (found on dipstick/microscopy) with protein, hypertension, or casts suggests glomerular disease (IgA nephropathy, post-infectious GN, HSP). In older adults, hematuria must exclude urologic malignancy. Workup: microscopy (dysmorphic cells, casts), culture, ultrasound, and — for the glomerular pattern — nephrology with possible biopsy.
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine, a key marker of kidney damage and the strongest predictor of CKD progression and cardiovascular risk.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
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