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A spot urine test that estimates daily protein loss — the 24-hour urine collection's practical replacement, reported as grams of protein per gram of creatinine.
The protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) on a spot urine sample estimates total daily proteinuria without a 24-hour collection — reported in g/g or mg/mg. It complements albuminuria (UACR), which targets albumin specifically; PCR captures all proteins, useful when non-albumin protein dominates (as in some glomerular diseases). Values above ~3.5 g/g are nephrotic-range. PCR is convenient and correlates well with 24-hour protein, making it standard for monitoring proteinuria in glomerular disease and nephrotic syndrome.
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine, a key marker of kidney damage and the strongest predictor of CKD progression and cardiovascular risk.
Albumin leaking into urine — the earliest and most important marker of kidney filter damage, measured by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
Hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys - most commonly calcium oxalate - causing pain, blood in urine, and repeated episodes.
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