Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli) - a diverse family of diseases often presenting with blood and protein in urine.
Glomerulonephritis (GN) is an umbrella term for inflammatory diseases of the glomeruli, including IgA nephropathy, membranous, FSGS, ANCA vasculitis, and lupus nephritis. It typically presents with hematuria (often visible or microscopic), proteinuria, hypertension, and edema - and can progress rapidly (crescentic GN). Diagnosis combines urine sediment, serology, and kidney biopsy. Treatment depends on the specific lesion and severity: RAS blockade and SGLT2 inhibitors for chronic proteinuric forms, immunosuppression (steroids, cyclophosphamide, rituximab) for inflammatory or crescentic forms.
Abnormal presence of protein in the urine, a key marker of kidney damage and the strongest predictor of CKD progression and cardiovascular risk.
Albumin leaking into urine — the earliest and most important marker of kidney filter damage, measured by urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).
Blood in the urine — visible (gross) or microscopic — with causes ranging from infection and stones to glomerulonephritis and malignancy.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
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