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Any substance — commonly NSAIDs, contrast, aminoglycosides, and some herbal products — that can injure the kidneys, especially in CKD.
Nephrotoxins damage kidneys through reduced blood flow (NSAIDs — the most common culprit), direct tubular injury (aminoglycosides, cisplatin), crystal obstruction (acyclovir, methotrexate), or immune injury (PPIs, penicillin-class drugs causing interstitial nephritis). Risk rises with CKD, dehydration, age, and multiple nephrotoxins together (the 'triple whammy' — ACEi/ARB + diuretic + NSAID). Kidney care's core rule: dose by eGFR, avoid NSAIDs in CKD, and hydrate around contrast.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
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