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The waste molecules that accumulate when kidneys fail and cause the symptoms of uremia — beyond urea and creatinine, a broad family of poorly cleared compounds.
Uremic toxins are the retained solutes that produce uremia symptoms — fatigue, nausea, itching, appetite loss, and cognitive dulling. They include middle molecules (beta-2 microglobulin), protein-bound compounds (indoxyl sulfate, p-cresyl sulfate), and small solutes; urea and creatinine are only markers of the bigger problem. Dialysis clears different classes with different efficiency — which is why adequacy (Kt/V) measures only part of the picture, and why residual kidney function is so valuable. Research on better toxin removal drives interest in more frequent and convective dialysis.
A toxic condition caused by the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to severe kidney dysfunction, characterized by nausea, fatigue, confusion, and metabolic disturbances.
The medical treatment that artificially performs the kidney's filtering functions — removing waste, toxins, and excess fluid from the blood when kidneys fail.
A nitrogen waste product from protein breakdown that the kidneys excrete; high blood urea (BUN) signals reduced filtration or high protein intake.
A waste product of muscle metabolism filtered by the kidneys; serum creatinine levels are used to estimate GFR and monitor kidney function over time.
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