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Blood sodium below ~135 mEq/L - in kidney disease usually from fluid overload, excess free-water intake, or medications.
Hyponatremia in CKD and dialysis reflects excess water relative to sodium: kidney failure impairs water excretion, so fluid overload dilutes serum sodium. Symptoms range from mild fatigue and nausea to confusion, seizures, and coma in severe cases. The correct treatment is usually fluid restriction (the fluid note matters on dialysis) rather than giving sodium. Because rapid correction can cause osmotic demyelination, dialysis and fluid management must be gradual. The sodium-correction calculator guides safe correction rates in hospital settings.
Excess extracellular fluid volume in kidney patients from inadequate excretion, causing edema, hypertension, pulmonary congestion, and increased cardiovascular risk.
The medical treatment that artificially performs the kidney's filtering functions — removing waste, toxins, and excess fluid from the blood when kidneys fail.
A progressive condition characterized by gradual loss of kidney function over months or years, classified into 5 stages based on eGFR.
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